All content is provided without warranty of any kind.John DEveau explains how a nuclear reactor works. However, we do not guarantee the accuracy of any images, maps, graphs, data, or other information. We have made every effort to make all images, maps, graphs, data, and other information provided on this web site accurate and error-free. Army Corps of Engineers, Honolulu District under Section 22 of the Water Resources Development Act of 1974. The 2014 Solar Radiation of Hawai‘i project was developed under an agreement between the State of Hawai ʻi Commission on Water Resource Management and the U.S. Sponsors of the 2014 Solar Radiation of Hawaiʻi project. Army Corps of Engineers-Honolulu District, and the Commission on Water Resource Management, State of Hawai‘i.
#Radiation island hawaii update#
Please keep in touch about the best way to cite - we will update the citation once the journal article has been published: Any reproduction or use of the images, maps, graphs, data, other information, or any product derived in whole or part from these data must credit the source in the following manner: The data source must be prominently stated whenever presenting these data in any form or any product derived in whole or part from these data.Ĭrediting the Source. All gridded data and all other data presented here are available for reproduction and distribution for non-commercial use. The map source must be included in any reproduction. All color map images presented here are available for reproduction and distribution. A good example can be seen in the area between Hilo and Volcano on Hawai‘i Island, where a large area has been invaded by non-native tree species including strawberry guava, resulting in 30-40% higher ET.Īll maps, data, graphs, and narrative material available on this web site are subject to the following conditions. In areas of natural vegetation, contrasts in ET are evident where high water use non-native plant species have displaced native vegetation. Irrigated agricultural lands have some of the highest ET, as seen for example in the last remaining sugar plantation in Hawai‘i, the HC&S plantation on Maui. In other areas, such as along the dry coastal Kihei-Wailea area on Maui, urbanization results in higher ET because of lawn and golf course sprinkling. Effects of urbanization are clearly seen in the high-density urban areas of Honolulu, where ET is sharply lower than surrounding areas. Urban, agricultural, and natural land covers imply differences in vegetation cover, vegetation height, leaf area, species, and irrigation. Land cover type is a major factor in determining the fine scale spatial variation in ET. The relatively recent lava flows on the northwestern and southwestern flanks of Mauna Loa, for example, show up clearly as ribbons of low ET within areas of higher ET. The effects of vegetation cover can be seen in areas of Hawai‘i Island where young volcanic substrates with no vegetation or very sparse cover dissect an area with older, soil and vegetation covered land. The very high rainfall areas have lower ET because they correspond with areas of high cloud frequency and, hence, low solar radiation.įiner scale variations are related to land characteristics, such as vegetation cover, leaf area, and land cover type. Moving toward wetter areas, ET increases, but reaches a maximum in areas with intermediate rainfall amounts. In the driest areas, non-irrigated lands have low ET because of water limitations. Generally the pattern reflects the underlying patterns of energy and moisture availability.
The complexity results from the interaction among the numerous variables that influence the process. The spatial pattern of evapotranspiration (ET) in Hawai‘i is very complex.
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